The simplest energy equilibrium equation goes like this:
F_t is the traction force
F_r is the resistance force
F_i is the inertial force
F_a is the aerodynamic drag force
F_r is the rolling resistance force
F_g is the gravitational force
V is speed
The power that makes the vehicle goes forward equals the speed times the its traction power. That power has to overcame the resistance forces in the opposite direction of the traction.
The resistance forces can be model as, inertial forces, aerodynamic drag forces, rolling resistance forces, and gravity resistance forces. Roughly the inertial force deals with speed variations, the aerodynamic drag is the drag imposed by the air, the rolling resistance is deals with the mechanical friction between parts and the gravitational forces is the tangential forces caused by gravity, helping you in downhill, and making your life harder in hillclimbs. Mathematically they can be written as bellow.
C_d is a dimensionless parameter called drag coefficient.
C_r is a dimensionless paramenter called coefficient of rolling resistance.
I is the steepness of the hill (rise/run)
And here is the graph plotted:
One final word, a very cool site doing an interactive version of this calculations only for bike) can by found in Mr. Steve Gribble website.
Once again, thanks for reading.
Eddie.